CWE-1241 Base Rascunho

Use of Predictable Algorithm in Random Number Generator

This vulnerability occurs when a device or application relies on a predictable algorithm to generate pseudo-random numbers, making the output sequence foreseeable.

Definição

What is CWE-1241?

This vulnerability occurs when a device or application relies on a predictable algorithm to generate pseudo-random numbers, making the output sequence foreseeable.
Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) create numbers using deterministic algorithms, meaning they have a finite internal state that will eventually repeat. This predictability makes them vulnerable to attacks where an adversary can analyze past outputs to deduce future values or uncover the generator's internal state, compromising the security of any system that depends on this randomness. For robust security, especially in encryption, key generation, or session tokens, it's critical to use hardware-based True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). TRNGs derive randomness from unpredictable physical processes like electrical noise, producing outputs that are unbiased, independent, and fundamentally unpredictable, thereby providing a much stronger foundation for security-critical operations.
Impacto no mundo real

Real-world CVEs caused by CWE-1241

  • PHP framework uses mt_rand() function (Marsenne Twister) when generating tokens

Como os atacantes a exploram

Trajeto do atacante passo a passo

  1. 1

    Suppose a cryptographic function expects random value to be supplied for the crypto algorithm.

  2. 2

    During the implementation phase, due to space constraint, a cryptographically secure random-number-generator could not be used, and instead of using a TRNG (True Random Number Generator), a LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Register) is used to generate a random value. While an LFSR will provide a pseudo-random number, its entropy (measure of randomness) is insufficient for a cryptographic algorithm.

  3. 3

    The example code is taken from the PRNG inside the buggy OpenPiton SoC of HACK@DAC'21 [REF-1370]. The SoC implements a pseudo-random number generator using a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR).

  4. 4

    An example of LFSR with the polynomial function P(x) = x 6+x 4+x 3+1 is shown in the figure.

  5. 5

    A LFSR's input bit is determined by the output of a linear function of two or more of its previous states. Therefore, given a long cycle, a LFSR-based PRNG will enter a repeating cycle, which is predictable.

Exemplo de código vulnerável

Vulnerable Verilog

An example of LFSR with the polynomial function P(x) = x 6+x 4+x 3+1 is shown in the figure.

Vulnerável Verilog
**reg in_sr, entropy16_valid;** 

 **reg [15:0] entropy16;** 


 **assign entropy16_o = entropy16;** 

 **assign entropy16_valid_o = entropy16_valid;** 


 **always @ (*)** 

 **begin** 

```
```
in_sr = ^ (poly_i [15:0] & entropy16 [15:0]);** 
  
 **end**
Exemplo de código seguro

Secure pseudo

Seguro pseudo
// Validate, sanitize, or use a safe API before reaching the sink.
function handleRequest(input) {
  const safe = validateAndEscape(input);
  return executeWithGuards(safe);
}
What changed: the unsafe sink is replaced (or the input is validated/escaped) so the same payload no longer triggers the weakness.
Lista de verificação de prevenção

How to prevent CWE-1241

  • Architecture and Design A true random number generator should be specified for cryptographic algorithms.
  • Implementation A true random number generator should be implemented for cryptographic algorithms.
Sinais de deteção

How to detect CWE-1241

SAST High

Executar análise estática (SAST) na base de código à procura do padrão inseguro no fluxo de dados.

DAST Moderate

Executar testes dinâmicos de segurança de aplicações (DAST) contra o endpoint em execução.

Runtime Moderate

Monitorizar os registos em tempo de execução para traços de exceção invulgares, input malformado ou tentativas de contornar a autorização.

Code review Moderate

Revisão de código: sinalizar qualquer novo código que trate input desta superfície sem usar os ajudantes validados do framework.

Correção automática do Plexicus

O Plexicus deteta automaticamente o CWE-1241 e abre um PR de correção em menos de 60 segundos.

O Codex Remedium analisa cada commit, identifica esta fraqueza exata e entrega um pull request pronto para revisão com o patch. Sem tickets. Sem transferências.

Perguntas frequentes

Frequently asked questions

O que é o CWE-1241?

This vulnerability occurs when a device or application relies on a predictable algorithm to generate pseudo-random numbers, making the output sequence foreseeable.

Qual a gravidade do CWE-1241?

A MITRE não publicou uma classificação de probabilidade de exploração para esta fraqueza. Trate-a como impacto médio até o seu modelo de ameaças provar o contrário.

Que linguagens ou plataformas são afetadas pelo CWE-1241?

MITRE lists the following affected platforms: System on Chip.

Como posso prevenir o CWE-1241?

A true random number generator should be specified for cryptographic algorithms. A true random number generator should be implemented for cryptographic algorithms.

Como é que o Plexicus deteta e corrige o CWE-1241?

O motor SAST do Plexicus correlaciona a assinatura de fluxo de dados do CWE-1241 em cada commit. Quando é encontrada uma correspondência, o nosso agente Codex Remedium abre um PR de correção com o código corrigido, testes e um resumo de uma linha para o revisor.

Onde posso saber mais sobre o CWE-1241?

A MITRE publica a definição canónica em https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1241.html. Pode também consultar a documentação da OWASP e do NIST para orientações adjacentes.

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