Relative Path Traversal

What is CWE-23?

Trajeto do atacante passo a passo

1. 1

   The following URLs are vulnerable to this attack:

2. 2

   A simple way to execute this attack is like this:

3. 3

   The following code could be for a social networking application in which each user's profile information is stored in a separate file. All files are stored in a single directory.

4. 4

   While the programmer intends to access files such as "/users/cwe/profiles/alice" or "/users/cwe/profiles/bob", there is no verification of the incoming user parameter. An attacker could provide a string such as:

5. 5

   The program would generate a profile pathname like this:

How to prevent CWE-23

• Implementation Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue." Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright. When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434. Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
• Implementation Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes: - realpath() in C - getCanonicalPath() in Java - GetFullPath() in ASP.NET - realpath() or abs_path() in Perl - realpath() in PHP
• Operation Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Frequently asked questions

Further reading

• MITRE — CWE-23 oficial https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/23.html
• OWASP Attack listing http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Relative_Path_Traversal
• Zip Slip Vulnerability https://security.snyk.io/research/zip-slip-vulnerability
• Secure by Design Alert: Eliminating Directory Traversal Vulnerabilities in Software https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/secure-design-alert-eliminating-directory-traversal-vulnerabilities-software
• D3FEND: Application Layer Firewall https://d3fend.mitre.org/dao/artifact/d3f:ApplicationLayerFirewall/